Tonal Gradation
| Tones | (default) | – | = | < | > |
| Functions | word component | article particle adverb prepositive postpositive | pronoun noun | adjective ordinal | verb cardinal |
n- up / above
n= upside
n< upper
n> move up
na< high
na= height
na> heighten
na- high(ly)
Particles
| Active | s | Passive | z |
| Relational | s’ | Essive | z’ |
| Comitative | sh | Instrumental | zh |
| si> ee> soe=. | There seem two moons. | |
| ia= s’ ee> soe= si>. | I see two moons. (For me, there seem two moons.) | *If no action, we use the relational particle. |
| ia= s h ee< soe= sii>. | I look at the second moon. | *The active particle is used with an action. |